American Journal of Physical Chemistry

American Journal of Physical Chemistry (AJPC) publishes review articles describing frontier research areas in physical chemistry. Internationally renowned scientists describe their own research in the wider context of the field. The articles are of interest not only to specialists but also to those wishing to read general and authoritative accounts of recent developments in physical chemistry, chemical physics and theoretical chemistry. The journal appeals to research workers, lecturers and research students alike. All research articles in AJPC will undergone rigorous peer review, based on initial editor screening and anonymized refereeing by an expert reviewer.

ISSN Print: 2327-2430

ISSN Online: 2327-2449

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpc

American Journal of Physical Chemistry (AJPC) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal featuring research articles of exceptional significance in all areas of physical chemistry. Subject areas may include, but are not limited to the following fields:

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Biophysical chemistry

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Chemical kinetics

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Electrochemistry

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Materials science

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Materials structure

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Micromeritics

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Solid-state chemistry

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Physical organic chemistry

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Quantum chemistry

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Spectroscopy

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Surface chemistry

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Surface phenomena and adsorption

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Thermochemistry

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Chemical thermodynamics

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Magnetochemistry

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Physicochemical studies methods

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Physicochemical studies techniques

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Photochemistry

3D printing soft body parts: A hard problem that just got easier

By 

Nala Rogers 

23 October 2015 2:15 pm

Humans are squishy. That’s a problem for researchers trying to construct artificial tissues and organs, and one that two separate teams of engineers may have just solved. Using a dish of goo the consistency of mayonnaise as a supporting “bath,” a team led by biomedical engineer Adam Feinberg at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, can now print 3D biological materials that don’t collapse under their own weight as they form—a difficulty that has long stood in the way of printing soft body parts. Once printed, the structures are stiff enough to support themselves, and they can be retrieved by melting away the supportive goo. The other team, from the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville, has a similar system for printing, but without the slick trick of the melting goo.

The Carnegie Mellon team’s body parts—which include models of brains and hearts—are more intricate than anything created before, says Anthony Atala, a tissue engineer and director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, who was not involved in either project. “I think it's a very nice strategy that will open up even more avenues for future development and research,” Atala says.

To date, that research has largely been geared to using rigid 3D-printed materials as prosthetics, some of which are even implanted in peoples’ bodies. They take many forms, from titanium plates that replace missing chunks of skull to dissolvable tracheal splints that hold open collapsed airways. Several groups have been working to extend this success to create squishier tissues, with the initial structure crafted in watery gels composed of loosely linked sugars or proteins. This matrix would then form the support for growing cells, with live cells either printed in the gel or added afterward.

To form the matrix, scientists push the liquid molecules through a printer nozzle and then cross-link them into gels of various consistencies through exposure to chemicals or stimuli such as light. But the mixtures tend to flow away or collapse before they can stiffen into the elaborate shapes required for functioning organs. 

To solve this problem, Feinberg and his colleagues decided to try printing their gels in a slurry made of blended collagen. Their new approach—called freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH)—worked. The collagen slurry, semisolid at room temperature, held printed objects in place until they hardened. And because the melting point of the slurry is much lower than that of the objects, it melted away once the temperature was raised to 37°C (99°F), they report today in Science Advances. In the same journal last month, Thomas Angelini’s lab at UF described a similar printing method using a support gel made of synthetic materials, which they washed off with water.

To put the FRESH system through its paces, Feinberg and his colleagues printed replicas of real organs based on magnetic resonance imaging and microscopy images. Their creations included a miniature human brain and a scaled-up heart of a baby chicken, both printed to about the size of a quarter. They also made a branching pattern of arteries with walls less than one millimeter thick. The team printed structures in a variety of materials, including collagen and fibrin—both structural proteins found in the human body—and a seaweed-derived substance called alginate that is widely used as a thickening or structural agent in food, industry, and medicine. Whereas the more complex structures were made of a single material, the FRESH system can also print multiple materials simultaneously.

Jonathan Butcher, a biomedical engineer at Cornell University who is using another method to develop 3D-printed heart valves, found the artery tree particularly impressive. “I don't know if we can make that geometry with our approach,” Butcher says. “The material complexity that they've been able to fabricate is really stunning.”

What’s more, Feinberg and his colleagues did it on the cheap, using open-source machinery and software. They started with an inexpensive commercial printer, and used it to make their own custom extruder heads. Now, other researchers will be able to make a basic FRESH setup for less than $500, says Thomas Hinton, a graduate student in Feinberg’s lab and first author of the study.

The next major hurdle for FRESH is incorporating live cells into their gel matrix. Feinberg and his colleagues have already demonstrated that cells can survive the FRESH process by printing a sheet of muscle cells in a simple sheet. But the model organs described in the paper contained no cells, and they only mimicked the outside surface of body parts. In order to function in the body, printed tissues need complex internal structures populated with living cells, or, in some cases, layers of cells on scaffolds.

The researchers are currently working to incorporate live cells into their matrices to create functional heart muscle, Feinberg says. Their next goal is to develop heart muscle “patches” that would repair heart defects. In the short term, such artificial tissues could help researchers study disease processes and test new drugs in the lab. Eventually, printed heart muscle might repair damage from a heart attack and help pump a living person’s blood. 

Meanwhile,  Feinberg says he wants to make his method as widely available as possible. “I hope other people will take this up and run with it,” he says. “Even in ways I can't imagine.”

Story source:http://bit.ly/1R8CFoJ

Missile War Injuries of the Face and Maxillofacial Injuries in Road Traffic Accident

Author:

Raja Kummoona

ISBN:

978-1-940366-22-7

Published Date:

January, 2015

Publisher:

Science Publishing Group

Authors

Professor Raja Kummoona, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS), Emeritus professor of Maxillofacial Surgery, Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations; Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine; Research Fellow Royal College of Surgeons of England (1975-1977); President of Iraqi Dental Society (1977-1985); Registrar of Primary FDSRCS in Iraq (1985-1990); the most distinguished professor of University of Baghdad (1991-1992); one of 40 top scientists in Iraq awarded gold medal for 3 years (2000-2002) by presidential celebration. He had many publications and contributions to science by advocating many surgical procedures and researches in cancer surgery and flap reconstruction, TMJ surgery, Maxillofacial injuries, Orbit tumors and Missile war injuries of the face with advancing surgery of war injuries of the face worldwide. With contribution in research in cancer, he is the finder of post graduate studies in maxillofacial surgery in Iraq. He was the editor of Neck Dissection, Clinical Application and Recent Advances, Feb. 2012, InTech and editor of monograph Surgical Reconstruction of the Temporo-Mandibulr Joint, 2013, Lambert, Germany. He published a book onDisease of the Temporomandibular Joint, Surgical Reconstruction, Clinical & Experimental Studies, Apr. 2014, SciencePG, USA.

Description

This book reflects experience of the author in war surgery as a Hot Topic nowadays including missile war injuries of the face. The face is the most important part of the body. The international war of terrorist in Iraq and Syria is acrimonious, because of thousands of innocent people died every month and it is our daily life. Not many people got the chance to be treated by expert surgeons. The author's experience is recognized worldwide in managements of these cases for primary care or secondary phases which required a great knowledge, skill and expertise for managements of these complicated cases. A new classification for missile war injuries presented and advance research done on integrity of the carotid tree by using duplex sonography to study the peak systolic and end diastolic velocity and the intima, medial thickness of the carotid vessels, the flow and velocity of blood, these studies carried on post traumatic missile injuries cases. Many surgeons in the west do not know much about these types of injuries because they do not face it as we do. This book also contains chapter on maxillofacial injuries covering all parts of the facial skeleton fractures that have been effected and the author’s technique for managements of these cases by reduction and fixation by using external types by Halo Frame, Box Frame external pin fixation and internal suspension technique for managements of many difficult cases. Some of these cases were complicated with CSF leakage. The managements and the investigations were carried out by using spectrophotometry apparatus to differentiate between CSF and serum. Glasgow Coma Scale described and practiced on our patients with head injuries also described.

The book also contains orbital skeleton injuries and the various techniques which had been used for managements of very difficult cases of orbital skeleton injuries. These cases were treated by different techniques for reconstruction of orbital walls by chrome cobalt mesh, bone graft, Sialastic, Lyophilized Dura and combination of bone graft with additional layer of Sialastics in cases showed re-sorption of bone after one year later, the result was very optimistic for restoration of function, vision, canthus ligament fixation and aesthetic feature of the face.

The last chapter deals with orbital tumors and these tumors classified as malignant and benign tumors, the surgical managements of malignant tumors by exenterating of the orbit with augmentation of the orbit by temporalis muscle flap and reconstruction done by different local flaps. The results reflected our experience for managements of very difficult tumors of the orbit.

The book is nicely illustrated to cover all chapters with very interesting cases. I think this book is a leading atlas book worldwide in managements of missile war injuries with additional knowledge in civil facial injuries. I hope to present a very interesting and up to date knowledge with recent advances in managements of facial injuries in both war injuries and civil injuries.

Read this book here:http://bit.ly/1W8pOUX

Share:Dogs may have come from Nepal or Mongolia, argues new genetic study

This Nepalese dog still lives where dogs may have originated.

By 

Elizabeth Pennisi 

19 October 2015 3:00 pm

 0 Comments

The next time you gaze deep into your pooch’s eyes, imagine the high plateaus of Mongolia or the mountains of Nepal. The latest analysis of canine DNA suggests that dogs first arose there, not in Europe, the Middle East, or southern China as others have suggested. Researchers don’t think this is the final word about where man’s oldest friend came from, but they are pleased with these additional data.

“[It’s] a truly novel paper from many different perspectives, and perhaps not surprisingly, a novel result as well,” says Greger Larson, an evolutionary biologist and dog domestication expert at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, who was not involved with the work. “Adding central Asia now means that everyone with a favorite region can point to at least one paper that supports their suspicions regarding the geographic origins of dogs.”

For decades, geneticists, archaeologists, and evolutionary biologists have been trying to trace the history of Canis lupus familiaris (dogs), with conflicting results. Genetic studies have proven challenging because the explosion in canine breeds over the last couple of centuries has obscured the dogs’ evolutionary history. “You don’t get a picture of what went on 20,000 years ago,” about the time dogs may have been domesticated, says Adam Boyko, a geneticist at Cornell University.

So Boyko decided to look at dogs that live in isolated places and that are typically left alone to mate as they see fit. He and his brother traveled around the world sampling DNA from about 549 “village” dogs—animals that often don’t really belong to anyone but hang around people anyway—from 38 countries. Boyko and his Cornell postdoc Laura Shannon then compared these dogs’ genomes, as well as the genomes of more than 4500 purebreds from 161 breeds, at almost 189,000 spots along their chromosomes.

“It’s a really comprehensive work including all kinds of markers, and a fairly good geographical coverage,” says Peter Savolainen, an evolutionary geneticist at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, who has also sampled dogs from around the world to determine their evolutionary birthplace. “So, it gives a good picture of the overall genetic relations among today’s dogs.”

Village dogs had a much wider variety of genetic differences than purebred dogs and thus are better sources of historical data, Shannon, Boyko, and their colleagues report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. These dogs had experienced different degrees of infiltration from European canines: African dogs have relatively few European dogs in their past, whereas dogs in the South Pacific came almost exclusively from European stock, they discovered. Such a strong European influence also obscures the historical signal, so Boyko’s team focused on data from indigenous dogs with little modern European influence.

In this subset, the team homed in on the number of differences at spots located close to one another along their genomes. This indicated how far back in time these dogs descended from a common ancestor—and where this happened. The analysis pointed toward central Asia as the place where dogs likely transitioned from wolves. It also indicated that dogs then moved into east Asia and elsewhere. They were not able to pin down a date for this transition.  

Boyko suspects that between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, grey wolves and humans were hunting large mammals like elk in central Asia. But increasing human density, climate change, or other factors may have resulted in scarcities in these prey, such that wolves began scavenging to survive. Hanging around human encampments led to smaller, tamer animals that may have begun to cooperate with people, kicking off domestication.

Not everyone agrees with the team’s findings. Boyko’s sample didn’t include animals from south or central China, and if they had “it might possibly have indicated these regions instead,” says Savolainen, whose work suggests just that. Robert Wayne, an evolutionary biologist and dog domestication expert at the University of California, Los Angeles, is also skeptical: One lesson learned from genetic studies of dog domestication is that looking at dogs living today “are a poor guide to domestication events which may have occurred more than 27,000 years ago.” To get around that problem, Wayne, Savolainen, and Larson arenow looking at fossil DNA as well as modern DNA. However, the new study will be of great help for this work, Larson says. “Once we have the ancient data, we can compare it against [Boyko’s] to really get to grips with where and when dogs were domesticated.”

Story source:http://bit.ly/1Klyh0b

Biological Agents of Bioremediation: A Concise Review

Authors

Karabi Biswas, Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Dipak Paul, Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Sankar Narayan Sinha, Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Abstract: Due to intensive agriculture, rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities have caused environmental pollution, land degradation and increased pressure on the natural resources and contributing to their adulteration. Bioremediation is the use of biological organisms to destroy, or reduce the hazardous wastes on a contaminated site. Bioremediation is the most potent management tool to control the environmental pollution and recover contaminated soil. Use of biological materials, coupled to other advanced processes is one of the most promising and inexpensive approaches for removing environmental pollutants. Bioremediation technology is a beneficial alternative which leads to degrade of pollutants. This article presents the important biological organisms used in bioremediation technologies.

Keywords: Bioremediation, Biological Organisms, Environmental Pollution

Read this scientific paper in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology:http://bit.ly/1VXpzvL

6 Things Your Body Does That Science Still Can't Explain

Video source:http://bit.ly/1OHrDHU

International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry

International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry (IJCTC)

ISSN Print: 2376-7286
ISSN Online: 2376-7308

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijctc

International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry (IJCTC) , a peer-reviewed open access journal published bimonthly in English-language, provides a broad coverage of developments in theoretical and computational chemistry, as well as their applications to other scientific fields. Articles are broadly categorized into quantum chemistry, chemical dynamics, statistical mechanics, and chemical biology, ranging from fundamental theoretical methodology and computational algorithm to numerical applications. It also seeks to provide theories that explain chemical observations. Major components include the application of quantum mechanics to the understanding of valency, molecular dynamics, statistical thermodynamics and theories of electrolyte solutions, reaction networks, polymerization and catalysis.

International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal featuring research articles of exceptional significance in all areas of computational and theoretical chemistry. Subject areas may include, but are not limited to the following fields:

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Bioinformatics

•

Biomolecular structure prediction

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Cheminformatics

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Computational chemistry

•

Density functional theory

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Molecular design

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Molecular dynamics

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Molecular mechanics

•

Molecular modeling

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Molecular simulation

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Polymerization and catalysis

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Quantum chemistry

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Reaction networks

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Semiempirical quantum mechanics

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Statistical mechanics

•

Statistical thermodynamics

•

Quantum mechanics application

•

Theoretical chemistry

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Theoretical inorganic chemistry

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Theoretical organic chemistry

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Theoretical thermochemistry

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Electrolyte solutions theories

Share:Shape-shifting neutrinos earn physicists the 2015 Nobel

Super-Kamiokande, a neutrino detector in Japan, enabled Takaaki Kajita, one of this year’s recipients of the Nobel prize in physics, to make his discovery: that neutrinos flip-flop between identities, and that they must have mass. Photo: Super-Kamiokande

What do Albert Einstein, Neils Bohr, Paul Dirac, and Marie Curie have in common? They each won the Nobel prize in physics. And today, Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald have joined their ranks, thanks to a pioneering turn-of-the-century discovery: in defiance of long-held predictions, neutrinos shape-shift between multiple identities, and therefore must have mass.

The neutrino, a slight whiff of a particle that is cast off in certain types of radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, and high-energy cosmic events, could be called… shy. Electrically neutral but enormously abundant, half the time a neutrino could pass through a lightyear of lead without interacting with a single other particle. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, it has a whopping mass of zero.

As you can imagine, neutrinos are notoriously difficult to detect.

But in 1956, scientists did exactly that. And just a few years later, a trio of physicists determined that neutrinos came in not just one, not two, but three different types, or flavors: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino.

The neutrino was first detected in 1956 by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines. In 1970, scientists captured the first image of a neutrino track in a hydrogen bubble chamber. Image: Argonne National Laboratory

But there was a problem. Sure, scientists had figured out how to detect neutrinos—but they weren’t detecting enough of them. In fact, the number of electron neutrinos arriving on Earth due to nuclear reactions in the Sun’s core was only one-third to one-half the number their calculations had predicted. What, scientists wondered, was happening to the rest?

Kajita, working at the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan in 1998, and McDonald, working at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada in 1999, determined that the electron neutrinos were not disappearing at all; rather, these particles were changing identity, spontaneously oscillating between the three flavor-types as they traveled through space.

Moreover, the researchers proclaimed, in order for neutrinos to make such transformations, they must have mass.

This is due to some quantum funny business having to do with the oscillations themselves. Grossly simplified, a massless particle, which always travels at the speed of light, does not experience time—Einstein’s theory of special relativity says so. But change takes time. Any particle that oscillates between identities needs to experience time in order for its state to evolve from one flavor to the the next.....

Story Source:

The above story is originally published on Universe Today. (http://www.universetoday.com/) 

SciencePG Book: Life Cycle of CO 2 (LCCO 2) Evaluation and Service Life Prediction of RC Structure Considering Carbonation Degree of Concrete

Authors:

Han Seung Lee ,  Mohamed Abdel Kader Ismail ,  Sang Hyun Lee ,  Mohd Warid Hussin

ISBN:

978-1-940366-47-0

Published Date:

September, 2015

Publisher:

Science Publishing Group

Authors

Prof. Han Seung Lee is a professor at School of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea. He got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, S. Korea in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Then he got his PhD from Dept. of Architecture, Tokyo University in 1997. He focuses his research on Sustainable Building Materials, High Performance Concrete, Durability Design of Structures, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures. Prof. Lee has numerous journal and conference papers, and 10 books.

Prof. Mohamed A. Ismail is currently a Research Professor at Hanyang University, Erica Campus, Ansan, South Korea. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Alexandria University, Egypt in 1991 and 1996, respectively and his PhD from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore in 2003. His research work includes Concrete Technology, Smart Materials in Construction, High Performance Concrete, NDT, Sustainable Building Materials and Protection Methods of Reinforced Concrete Structures. He has published more than 60 papers in referred journals and conferences and 5 books.

Dr. Sang Hyun Lee got his PhD from School of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea in 2014. He is currently working as a Senior Researcher at R&D Institute, Lotte E & C, S. Korea. Dr. Lee research interests include Concrete Durability, Concrete Technology, High Performance Concrete, Eco-friendly Materials and Industrial Concrete Floor.

Prof. Mohd Warid Hussin is a senior professor at Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. He received his PhD degree from the University of Sheffield, UK in 1985. Prof. Warid is currently a senior research fellow at Construction Research Centre, CRC. He has been involved with research on Fibre Reinforced Composites, Blended Cement Concrete, Aerated Concrete, Concrete Repair Materials, Ferrocement Technology and Geopolymer Concrete and has published more than 200 papers in journals and conferences.

Description

Concrete carbonation decreases durability of concrete. Therefore, quantitative evaluating method for the amount of CO₂ absorption through carbonation should be considered under the condition that carbonation does not affect durability of RC structure. This study proposed a quantitative evaluating method that overcomes the limitation of the traditional qualitative evaluation, which is carried out using the naked eye with respect to the color change boundary by spraying indicator. Carbonation depth becomes the basic data for estimating the residual life and durability of RC structures. To achieve this objective, the quantitative change of Ca(OH) ₂ and CaCO₃ for each depth in concrete according to the carbonation process is measured using TG/DTA in order to propose a quantitative method and an evaluation basis. Another goal is to propose evaluating method of CO₂absorption in the air through carbonation and how to evaluate LCCO₂(emission – absorption of CO₂).

Read this book for free in SciencePG:http://bit.ly/1GbugL8

News:First DNA extracted from an ancient African skeleton shows widespread mixing with Eurasians

© BEN PIPE/ROBERT HARDING WORLD IMAGERY/CORBIS

This boy’s ethnic group, the Ari, is closely related to a prehistoric African who lived in the Ethiopian highlands.

By 

Ann Gibbons 

8 October 2015 2:00 pm

 18 Comments

Africa is the birthplace of our species and the source of ancient migrations that spanned the globe. But it has missed out on a revolution in understanding human origins: the study of ancient DNA. Although researchers have managed to sequence the genomes of Neandertals from Europe, prehistoric herders from Asia, and Paleoindians from the Americas, Africa’s hot and humid climate has left little ancient DNA intact for scientists to extract. As a result, “Africa was left out of the party,” says anthropological geneticist Jason Hodgson of Imperial College London.

Until now. A paper published online this week in Science reveals the first prehistoric genome from Africa: that of Mota, a hunter-gatherer man who lived 4500 years ago in the highlands of Ethiopia. Named for the cave that held the remains, the Mota genome “is an impressive feat,” says Hodgson, who was not involved in the work. It “gives our first glimpse into what an African genome looked like prior to many of the recent population movements.” And when compared with the genomes of living Africans, it implies something startling. Africa is usually seen as a source of outward migrations, but the genomes suggest a major migration into Africa by farmers from the Middle East, possibly about 3500 years ago. These farmers’ DNA reached deep into the continent, spreading even to groups considered isolated, such as the Khoisan of South Africa and the pygmies of the Congo.

Anthropologists John and Kathryn Arthur of the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, discovered the skeleton in 2012 at Mota Cave in southwest Ethiopia after local Gamo elders led the pair to the cave, a hiding place for the Gamo during wartime. The Arthurs unearthed the skeleton of an adult male beneath a stone layer and dated it to 4500 years ago using radio-carbon. The researchers analyzed the petrous bone of the inner ear, which can sometimes preserve more DNA than other bones.

DNA had indeed survived in the ear bone, perhaps aided by the cool temperatures in the highland cave. Researchers were able to sequence each DNA base more than 12.5 times on average, considered a high-quality genome. When population geneticist Andrea Manica and graduate student Marcos Gallego Llorente at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom analyzed the sequence, they found that the Mota man had brown eyes and dark skin, as well as three gene variants associated with adaptation to high altitudes; some peaks in the highlands reach 4500 meters, as high as the Matterhorn.

Researchers sequenced the genome of a 4500-year-old skeleton found in Mota Cave in the Horn of Africa.

By comparing 250,000 base pairs from Mota’s genome with the same sites in individuals from 40 populations in Africa and 81 populations from Europe and Asia, the team found that Mota was most closely related to the Ari, an ethnic group that still lives nearby in the Ethiopian highlands. They zeroed in on the DNA that the Ari carry but Mota doesn’t, which was presumably added during the past 4500 years. They found that Mota lacks about 4% to 7% of the DNA found in the Ari and all other Africans examined. This new DNA most closely matches that of modern Sardinians and a prehistoric farmer who lived in Germany. Hints of these early farmers’ DNA previously had turned up in some living Africans, but Mota helped researchers zero in on the farmer’s genetic signature in Africa, and to establish when it arrived.

Manica suggests that both the European farmers and living Africans inherited this DNA from the same source—a population in the Middle East, perhaps Anatolia or Mesopotamia. Some of these Middle Easterners headed into Europe and Asia starting 8000 years ago, and were the first farmers of Europe. But other descendants of this population migrated into Africa, likely after Mota lived. This fits with traces of Middle Eastern grains found in Africa and dated to 3000 to 3500 years ago.

Because so many far-flung Africans still carry the farmers’ DNA, the study suggests a “huge” migration, Manica says. Farming had already been established in Africa by this time, but the newcomers likely had some advantage that explains why their genes spread. “It must have been lots of people coming in or maybe they had new crops that were very successful,” Manica says.

Population geneticist David Reich of Harvard University is struck by the magnitude of the mixing between Africans and Eurasians. He notes that “a profound migration of farmers moving from Mesopotamia to North Africa has long been speculated.” But, he says, “a western Eurasian migration into every population they study in Africa—into the Mbuti pygmies and the Khoisan? That’s surprising and new.”

Migrations into and out of Africa were likely complex and ongoing. “This study is significant on its own,” Hodgson says. “But hopefully it is only just the beginning of ancient African genomics.”

Story source:http://bit.ly/1QfJmoL

Scientific paper: Economic Thought of Panchanan Barma and Kshatriya Bank: A Brief Study on Historical Perspectives

Written by Kartick Chandra Barman

History, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India

Abstract: Panchanan Barma was the father of the Rajbanshi Community of Undivided North Bengal. He sacrifices his life for the society of the Rajbangshi Community. He had taken many reformation works for the recover the lost dignity of the Rajbanshi Society. He was shocked contemporary social discrimination and economic exploitation. Zamindars and moneylenders had crippled the rural economy by the rampant exploitation. In order to protect the exploited peasant society, he founded the rural agricultural Bank, namely "Kshatriya Bank". Keep in mind that it was the first rural Agricultural Bank for the farmers.[1] He was thinking about the formation of Kshatriya Bank for the ventures of rural development.

Keywords: Father, Thought, Kshatriya Bank, Society, Economy, Status, Development

If you like, you can read full research paper in journal History Research:http://bit.ly/1JBqpXZ

Share:Young male chimpanzees play more with objects, but do not become better tool users

Source:

University of Cambridge

Summary:

Research into differences between chimpanzees and bonobos in 'preparation' for tool use reveals intriguing sex bias in object manipulation in young chimpanzees -- one that is partly mirrored in human children.

Young chimpanzee at Kalinzu (Uganda)

Credit: Dr. Kathelijne Koops

New research shows a difference between the sexes in immature chimpanzees when it comes to preparing for adulthood by practising object manipulation -- considered 'preparation' for tool use in later life.

Researchers studying the difference in tool use between our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, found that immature bonobos have low rates of object manipulation, in keeping with previous work showing bonobos use few tools and none in foraging.

Chimpanzees, however, are the most diverse tool-users among non-human primates, and the researchers found high rates of a wide range of object manipulation among the young chimpanzees they studied.

While in adult wild chimpanzees it is females that are more avid and competent tool users, in juvenile chimpanzees the researchers conversely found it was the young males that spent more time manipulating objects, seemingly in preparation for adult tool use.

"In numerous mammalian species, sex differences in immatures foreshadow sex differences in the behaviour of adults, a phenomenon known as 'preparation'," said Dr Kathelijne Koops, who conducted the work at the University of Cambridge's Division of Biological Anthropology, as well as at the Anthropological Institute and Museum at Zurich University......

Read full story here:http://bit.ly/1JUoq0W